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1.
J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) ; 62(6): 527-534, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1441430

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Since the outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19), vascular specialists have faced dramatic changes in clinical and surgical practice. Although COVID-19 pulmonary signs and symptoms were the most pertinent problems initially, in the long term, cardiovascular complications became the most fearsome, with poor outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality. Algorithms and decision-making procedures have been modified, not only to treat new clinical findings in COVID-19 positive patients, but also to avoid complications related to pulmonary and systemic infections. Additionally, COVID-19-negative patients experienced challenging management, due to hospital crowding, the risk of nosocomial COVID-19 transmission, and pandemic emergencies. In this context, aortic interventions were subject to several difficulties. First, in COVID-19-positive patients, there was the onset of new pathological scenarios including thrombotic manifestations and the subsequent complications. Second, in both COVID-19-negative and positive patients, there was a need to deliver optimal treatment with acceptable perioperative risks, forcing a rethinking of decision-making especially in terms of indications for treatments. The aim of this systematic review is to present evidence published on COVID-19 and aortic-related issues, highlighting some challenging aspects regarding management, treatment and outcomes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Data search was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, using as time range "January 1st, 2000 - May 1st, 2021." Only articles in English language were included. Key words used for the query were "Aorta" AND "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2." Furthermore, the NCBI database of "SARS-CoV-2 Resources" was interrogated to find further relevant studies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The search retrieved 416 papers; among these, 46 studies were eligible and reviewed in depth. The published literature suggests the existence of a hypercoagulable state in patients with COVID-19 disease occurring via direct and indirect mechanisms. COVID-19 infection seems to promote a prothrombotic status that aggravates vascular disease. Regardless of clinical laboratory or status, active COVID-19 infection is considered a risk factor for poor vascular surgery outcomes. Specifically, it is associated with a fourfold increased risk of death and a threefold increased risk of major adverse events. Prognosis of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 disease is often determined by the extent of pulmonary disease, although vascular complications also greatly affect outcomes. Nevertheless, although COVID­19 is highly morbid, in high­risk operations good outcomes can still be achieved even in elderly patients with COVID­19. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of aortic disease during active COVID-19 infection, poor outcomes are associated with COVID-19 vascular and non-vascular complications, while for COVID-19-negative patients not much changed in terms of outcomes, despite the difficulties in management. Endovascular repair, when possible, minimized the impact of treatment, reducing the risk of COVID-related postoperative complications or acquired infection in negative patients.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Aortic Diseases/surgery , Blood Coagulation/drug effects , COVID-19/therapy , Endovascular Procedures , Thrombophilia/drug therapy , Vascular Surgical Procedures , Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Aortic Diseases/blood , Aortic Diseases/mortality , COVID-19/blood , COVID-19/mortality , Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects , Endovascular Procedures/mortality , Humans , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Thrombophilia/blood , Thrombophilia/mortality , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Vascular Surgical Procedures/mortality
2.
J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) ; 62(6): 535-541, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1441429

ABSTRACT

The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 disease, a global pandemic. A strong association has been documented between COVID-19 and cardiovascular events, although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. Carotid atherothrombosis and ischemic stroke represents one of the possible severe manifestations of COVID-19, as a leading cause of long-term disability and death. Different complex intertwined mechanisms seem to underlie the endothelitis which is the cause of multiple cardiovascular manifestations. To date, few case series describing COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke caused by cervical carotid thrombosis have been published. All the patients shared common similar radiographic features, comorbidities, and biomarker profiles. The aim of this brief review was to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the management of a Vascular Surgery Department, changing the daily vascular practice, as well as to provide practical suggestions for symptomatic carotid stenosis, while reviewing published literature.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology , Ischemic Stroke/epidemiology , Thrombosis/epidemiology , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/mortality , COVID-19/therapy , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Carotid Artery Diseases/mortality , Carotid Artery Diseases/surgery , Humans , Ischemic Stroke/diagnosis , Ischemic Stroke/mortality , Ischemic Stroke/surgery , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Thrombosis/diagnosis , Thrombosis/mortality , Thrombosis/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Surgical Procedures
3.
Semin Vasc Surg ; 34(2): 37-42, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1240791

ABSTRACT

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has profoundly affected all aspects of medicine and surgery. Vascular surgery practice and interventions were also forced to change in order to deal with new COVID-19-related priorities and emergencies. In this setting, difficulties in aortic disease management were two-fold: new vascular complications related to COVID-19 infection and the need to guarantee prompt and correct treatment for the general "non-COVID-19" population. Furthermore, discomfort deriving from precautions to minimize the risk of virus transmission among patients and among health care professionals, the need to separate COVID-19-positive from COVID-19-negative patients, and the high incidence of postoperative complications in COVID-19 cases created a challenging scenario for cardiac operations. The aim of this review was to provide evidence derived from the published literature (case reports, case series, multicenter experience, and expert opinion) on the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on aortic vascular surgery services and interventions, describing COVID-19-related findings, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on noninfectious aortic patients.


Subject(s)
Aortic Diseases/surgery , COVID-19/epidemiology , Vascular Surgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data , Aortic Diseases/diagnosis , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/transmission , Facilities and Services Utilization , Humans , Procedures and Techniques Utilization
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